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Gynecomastia: common causes

GYNECOMASTIA:
Genetic Gender disorder (Klinefelter)
Young boy (pubertal)*
Neonate*
Estrogen
Cirrhosis/ Cimetidine/ Ca Channel blockers
Old age*
Marijuana
Alcoholism
Spironolactone
Tumors (Testicular & adrenal)
Isoniazid/ Inhibition of testosterone
Antineoplastics (Alkylating Agents)/ Antifungal(ketoconazole)
· * Asterisk indicates physiologic cause.
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---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Hypercalcemia causes

MD PIMPS ME:
Malignancy
Diuretics (thiazide the main culprit)
Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism)
Immobilization/ Idiopathic
Megadoses of vitamins A,D
Paget's disease
Sarcoidosis
Milk alkali syndrome
Endocrine (Addison's disease, thyrotoxicosis)
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---Anonymous Contributor

Hypercalcemia: causes

GRIM FED:
Granulomas (sarcoid, TB),
Renal faliure
Immobility (esp. long term)
Malignancy
Familial (eg familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia)
Endocrine (see below for subtypes)
Drugs (esp. thiazide diuretics, lithium)
· Endocrine causes are PATH:
Phaeochromocytoma
Addison's disease
Thyrotoxicosis
Hyperparathyroidism
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---Steve London, England

Hypercalcemia: differential

VITAMIN TRAPS:
Vitamin A and D intoxication
Immobilization
Thyrotoxicosis
Addison's disease/ Acidosis
Milk-alkali syndrome
Inflammatory disorders
Neoplastic disease
Thiazides, other drugs
Rhabdomyolysis
AIDS
Paget's disease/ Parenteral nutrition/ Parathyroid disease
Sarcoidosis
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---Anonymous Contributor

Thyroid storm: initial management

PCP'S:
PTU - 1 gm po
Corticosteroids
Propranolol
SSKI
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---Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program

Acromegaly symptoms

ABCDEF:
Arthralgia/ Arthritis
Blood pressure raised
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Diabetes
Enlargemed organs
Field defect
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---Anonymous Contributor

Carcinoid syndrome: features

FACADE:
Flushing
Asthma
Cor pulmonale
Ascites
Diarrhoea
Endocardial fibrosis
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---Anonymous Contributor

Hypoglycaemia: causes

"How to EXPLAIN hypoglycemia":
EXogenous drugs (insulin, oral hypoglycemics, alcohol, pentamidine, quinine, quinolones)
Pituitary insufficency (no GH or cortisol)
Liver failure (no glycogen stores)
Adrenal failure (no cortisol)
Insulinomas/ Immune hypoglycemia
Non-pancreatic neoplasms (retroperitoneal sarcoma)
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---Anonymous Contributor

Hypernatremia: causes

6 D's:
Diuretics
Dehydration
Diabetes insipidus
Docs (iatrogenic)
Diarrhea
Disease: kidney, sickle cell, etc
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---Dr. Benjamin Barankin University of Alberta